Annotated Bibliography

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grlg/hd_grlg.htm

The information provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art helps me to understand more about how Greeks worshiped the Gods. It helps me explain in my project the relationship between humans and gods and the way they are expressed in art. It provides extra information about religion on the Greeks and their Gods, such as how many Gods there are, the religious practices on worshiping the Gods, and the sacred places and rituals performed.

http://www.ushistory.org/civ/5c.asp

Based on the US History website, it provides a lot of information on the Gods and the ways humans, the ancient Greeks, saw them and worshiped them. It also explains how the Gods fought like humans and were in conflicts like humans. Human interactions with Gods lead to conflicts and wars because the Gods were emotional, immoral, and their behavior was inconsistent. It helps my project by providing information on how the Gods were in conflicts with humans and had human characteristics.

https://anintroductiontogreekmythology.weebly.com/the-greeks-interaction-with-the-gods.html

This site provides information on the Gods and how they punished humans for showing “unacceptable behavior, such as indulgent pride, extreme ambition, or even excessive prosperity”. The Gods are also representations of humans and the Universe, by representing human life, love and war. They believed Gods interfered with human affairs and the humans sought the aid and guidance of the Gods. This is useful information for my project when explaining the relationship between the Gods and humans and their interactions.

The Interaction Between the Gods and Mankind

In this article it explains how humans are never alone and always depending on someone which leads to the interactions with the Gods. Because of the humans interactions with Gods society is developed into the way it is today. Humans worshiped the Gods by creating statues and art works that are a reminder to mankind that there is someone to guide us and how mankind needs gods and gods need mankind. This article is useful since my project consists of finding the connection between art and the interaction of humans and Gods.

The article from the NY Times describes how the Gods interact with humans and how the King of Gods Zeus makes it hard for humans because in order to survive they must work hard while the Gods live freely with ease. This article is useful for my project because it provides background information on how the Gods felt interacting with humans.

Annotated Bibliography

Final Project Choice #1- Write a Paper Assignment (750-1000 Words)

Topic: The evolution of realistic art. (1400s – 1800s)

Over history in art, realism has influenced the way art is done. The addition of more natural methods into art has made it more life-like and it helps the viewer to be more amazed and engaged.

Thesis: In art history realism has influenced the way art is perceived by people evolving to a more natural and realistic art rather than exaggerated dimensions and unnatural work of art.

All the sources used for my paper final are listed below:

 

Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, “A brief history of Western culture,” in Smarthistory, June 8, 2018, accessed December 10, 2018,  https://smarthistory.org/a-brief-history-of-western-culture/

In this source I was able to find a brief summary of the evolution of art in terms of realism and from 3000 B.C.E. to modern art. From here, I have chosen images that I will be referring to in my paper. The article talks about the different units historians have divided art history into, such as Prehistoric (before c. 3000 B.C.E.), Middle Ages (c. 400 C.E. to c. 1400 C.E.), Renaissance (c. 1400 to 1600), Modern (after c. 1800). The source is very helpful to me because I can refer to a timeline of works of art that have been done with and without realism.

Realism Movement Overview and Analysis”. 2018TheArtStory.org
Edited and published by The Art Story Contributors
Available from: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-realism.htm
[Accessed 3 Dec 2018]

In this source I was able to find who were some of the most important artist during the realism movement. The article talks about what realism is, (the method to incorporate real dimensions and natural aspects to works of art) and some of the most influential works of art such as Rue Transnonain, le 15 Avril 1834 (1834) or The Stone Breakers (1849-50). From this website I was also able to find reliable art work that I refer to in my paper.

 

“Great Works: The Dead Christ, by Andrea Mantegna c.1480” Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, Michael Glover, Saturday 22 September 2012 00:00

In this website I was able find more information of The Dead Christ painting.

Finocchio, Ross. “Nineteenth-Century French Realism.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm (October 2004)

 

 

Overall, this sources will be used to rely my evidence on in my final paper.

Bibliography

Hemingway, Colette, and Seán Hemingway. “Hellenistic Jewelry.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hjew/hd_hjew.htm (April 2007)

This writing explains the background the jewelry in Hellenistic times and why it has the impact it does and the meaning behind it. Hemingway writes about how when Alexander the Great conquered the Persian empire in 331 B.C, his domain extended from Greece to Asia Minor, Egypt, the Near East, and India. This unprecedented contact with distant cultures not only spread Greek styles across the known world but also exposed Greek art and artists to new and exotic influences. Significant innovations in Greek jewelry can be traced even earlier to the time of Philip II of Macedon (r. 360/359–336 B.C.), father of Alexander the Great. An increasingly affluent society demanded luxurious objects, especially gold jewelry. After Alexander conquered the Persian empire and seized its fantastically rich treasures in Babylon, vast quantities of gold passed into circulation. The market for fashionable gold jewelry exploded. Even after the reign of Alexander, his successors for centuries supported flourishing industries of artists and craftsmen, the most important of whom were associated with the Hellenistic royal courts. This source is useful to my project because it helps me better understand the background of jewelry in ancient times and how it came to be.

LeGrand, Douglas S. “Early History of Jewelry: Ancient Times to the 17th Century.” International Gem Society, www.gemsociety.org/article/myth-magic-and-the-sorcerers-stone/.

This writing describes how jewelry was made and how it evolved from ancient times until now. Le Guin explains that the jewelry they wore in the old days was not made as we make it today. The Greeks were prolific writers and they often talked about jewelry and its impact on their day-to-day lives. As far back as 1200 BC, Greek jewelry was rich and varied and reflected the prosperity of the society. At first, the Greeks copied Eastern Motifs but then later developed their own style following their beliefs in the gods and symbols. Greek jewelry included crowns, earrings, bracelets, rings, hairpins, necklaces, and brooches. Greek women sometimes wore necklaces with 75 or more dangling miniature vases. Their jewelry combined the Eastern taste for gemstones and the Etruscan use of gold. The Etruscan perfected a method for making tiny gold beads called granulation. This work helped me better understand the materials and the making of ancient jewelry.

“Necklaces and Collars.” Pyramids of Ancient Egypt: Bent Pyramid of Sneferu, Dashur, www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/jewellerycollar.html

This work described ancient jewelry and how the people of ancient Egypt used to wear their jewelry. The ancient Egyptians adored jewelry and loved to wear a variety of necklaces and collars made from a huge range of materials. Of course, only the wealthy could afford gold, silver or precious stones, but shells, wood, and bone were more readily available to those on a more restricted budget. Wealthy Egyptians could afford to buy beautifully crafted pieces of jewelry, but even those who could not afford the works of lesser craftsmen could employ their own ingenuity to make lovely pieces with which to adorn themselves. In art, the upper classes and the gods are almost always shown wearing a significant quantity of jewelry as a mark of their status. This particularly relates to collars and necklaces made from precious metals as these pieces of jewelry were often given as gifts by pharaoh to loyal supporters, making them a great source of personal pride. In biographies inscribed on the walls of their tombs, successful Egyptians are not slow to boast of every ocassion that their king rewarded their actions with a gift of a gold necklace!

O’Neil, Shannon Leigh. “Different Types of Ancient Egyptian Jewelry.” Synonym, 16 Mar. 2018, classroom.synonym.com/different-types-ancient-egyptian-jewelry-7270.html.

Ancient Egyptians believed strongly in the spiritual significance of jewelry. They wore it to protect their health, ward off evil spirits and bring good luck. Certain raw materials, designs and colors were associated with deities or symbolized supernatural powers. For example, carnelian, an orange-red stone, was a color suggestive of blood and therefore gave energy and potency to the ornament. Jewelers in ancient Egypt followed strict rules concerning the mystical aspects of their creations. They incorporated minerals into jewelry which conferred a symbolic meaning, such as amethyst, garnet, lapis lazuli, onyx and turquoise. They also used highly prized metals like gold, silver and copper.

Schorsch, Deborah. “Gold in Ancient Egypt.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/egold/hd_egold.htm (January 2017)

This writing explains the usage and importance of gold in Ancient Egypt. Egypt is a land rich in gold, and ancient miners employing traditional methods were thorough in their exploitation of economically feasible sources. In addition to the resources of the Eastern Desert, Egypt had access to the riches of Nubia, which is reflected in its ancient name, nbw (the Egyptian word for gold). The hieroglyph for gold—a broad collar—appears with the beginning of writing in Dynasty 1, but the earliest surviving gold artifacts date to the preliterate days of the fourth millennium B.C.; these are mostly beads and other modest items used for personal adornment. Gold jewelry intended for daily life or use in temple or funerary ritual continued to be produced throughout Egypt’s long history.

 

Final Annotated Bibliography

  • Sorabella, Jean. “The Nude in Western Art and Its Beginnings in Antiquity.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nuan/hd_nuan.htm (January 2008)

This source briefly discusses the nude in Greek art. Since the sculptures I chose for my project are from the MET, I decided to use this specifically. It compares the use of the male’s athletic, celebrated body to the female’s “seductive and life-giving” one.

  • Szepessy, Victor. “Representation of the Female Body in Hellenistic Sculpture.” Academia.edu – Share Research, 2011, www.academia.edu/7394370/Representation_of_the_Female_Body_in_Hellenistic_Sculpture.

This academic essay also discusses the way the female body was represented in ancient art, specifically the Hellenistic era. I am using this because the author examines the art of a time period and how it impacted the way the human body was portrayed in art. He also looks into the different arguments that art historians have on what artists actually meant to get across with the various male and female nudes.

  • Christine Mitchell Havelock, The Aphrodite of Knidos and Her Successors: A Historical Review of the Female Nude in Greek Art.” 1995.

This book by Christine Mitchell explains the history of the Aphrodite of Knidos and the numerous other versions of the Goddess in the nude. I am using this because Aphrodite of Knidos by Prexiteles was one of the very first sculptures of a nude female and set precedent for other female nude sculptures. Looking into this sculpture and its history will provide me with further perspective on why a woman in the nude is different from a man in the nude.

When working on my project I noticed that female genitalia is depicted differently than male genitalia. McFadden’s article delves into the vague presentation of female genitals and how this is a commonality in almost all sculptures. She also explores what the shift in history was that caused the “erasure of the vulva.”

  • Norris, Michael. Greek Art: From Prehistoric To Classical: a Resource for Educators. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Michael Norris’ book focuses on various pieces of Greek art and provides in depth details about the pieces, as well as their history. This is useful for my project because he talks about some of the sculptures that I have used in my project. He also discusses the male body and how it is portrayed with ideal athleticism in Greek art.

Bibliography

Topic: The role of women in ancient art

  1. Cartwright, Mark. “The Role of Women in the Roman World.” Ancient History   Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2014, www.ancient.eu/article/659/the-role-of-women-in-the-roman-world/.

This source is about roles that women have played in the Roman world and provide informative details about women lives in ancient Rome. It also talks about women in mythology, women and the family, women in the wider society, and famous Roman women. This relates to my topic because ancient Rome is another civilization which artwork I would be examined to explore women role in ancient art.

2.  Hemingway, Colette. “Women in Classical Greece.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.    http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wmna/hd_wmna.htm (October 2004)

This source talks about Women’s role in Classical Greece; it talks about women’s role from being young girls from all the way to adult women. It provides many details about societal expectation, norms, rules, and belief for a female. Also, draw connections to ancient Greece art, which makes it more relevant to my topic. As I am talking about women in ancient art which also includes Ancient Greece art. This article provides me with background information about Greece society as well as an understanding of women lifestyle in ancient Greek.

3.  Livermore, Melina. “Women in Ancient Times.” Art News Portal, 26 Oct. 2016, www.artnewsportal.com/art-news/women-in-ancient-times.

This source is about Women in the ancient world; it takes a deeper look into history where the depiction of women in art tells a different story than what people assume (women were considered to have their place in the home bearing children, cooking, cleaning and taking care of their spouses). Through examining arts, it reveals a powerful aspect of feminism and women in power in ancient time. This relates to my topic as in my research I’m focusing on ancient understanding art, specifically women portraits in art, this is useful to see all the different views of women in art.

4.    Tate, “Unlock Art: Where are the Women?,” in Smarthistory, January 22, 2016,    accessed December 9, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/unlock-art-where-are-the-women/.

This source is from smarthistory, and it is about female artists role in a male-dominated art world. It displays the history of women in art, exploring how they have been represented, underrepresented, and sometimes misrepresented. It also talks about Guerrilla Girls who have been working to expose sexual and racial discrimination in the art world, particularly in New York, and in the wider cultural arena. This source relates to my topic because I’m talking about women role in art, and it helps me get a more in-depth view of the history of women in art. It also provides connection and shows reasoning for women were being portrayed a certain way in ancient art compared to man.

5.   “A Woman’s Afterlife: Gender Transformation in Ancient Egypt.” Organized by  Edward Bleiberg, Brooklyn Museum: The Dinner Party by Judy Chicago, 15 Dec. 2016, www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/womans_afterlife_ancient_egypt.

This article is about ancient Egyptian women, and the Egyptians believed to make rebirth possible for a deceased woman, she briefly had to turn into a man. This exhibition provided by Brooklyn Museum tells this remarkable story of gender transformation in the ancient world, exploring the differences between male and female access to the afterlife. This source is essential for my project as it is talking about women role in ancient art (my topic), specifically in Egypt and how women were portrayed, as well as belief and rituals associated with women.

 

Annotated Bibliography

http://history-world.org/arthist.htm

This article talks about the differences between Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman artwork. This article presents the similarities and differences amongst the two.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/985469?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

This article talks about the differences between Ancient Greek and Ancient Egyptian artwork. This article elaborates on different techniques used during each time period.

https://artscolumbia.org/performing-arts/music/history-of-music-education-greek-roman-and-egyptian-30160/

This article compares Ancient Roman and Ancient Egyptian artwork. It weighs in on the different music, sculptures and paintings that were idolized during that time period.

https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greek-art

This article weighs in on the significant pieces of art produced during the Ancient Greek time period. This article shows images of the most popular sculptures made during the time period and elaborates on the techniques used to produce this artwork.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-egypt-ap/a/egyptian-art

This article elaborates on the most popular art work produced during the Ancient Egyptian period of time.  This article explains the importance of the ancient pyramids and the meaning behind the coffins.

Annotated Bibliography

 

Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, www.themodern.org/collection/conjoined/1241.

This art piece is called Conjoined and the artist is Roxy Paine. Conjoined is originally a piece from Roxy’s exhibit, ”Conjoined, Defunct and Erratic” in Madison Square ParkThis piece interests me because it shows how nature was overtaken by steel, technology,. But, it somehow still looked like nature. I truly found that fascinating. Conjoined is now part of the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth.

 

Biennale. “Ludo.” Weltkulturerbe Völklinger Hütte, 2017, www.voelklinger-huette.org/en/world-cultural-heritage-site-voelklingen-ironworks/artist-projects/ludo/.

This piece is called Völklinger by Ludo. Ludo is a Paris artist who works his Street Art along the lines of science fiction kinds of visions, ones in which nature and technology develop paradoxical connections. Ludo finds formal parallels between technological and organic growth and positions these elements together along such interfaces. In this piece we see a tree with poisonous green wire roots. This piece is now a part of the World Cultural Heritage Cite.

 

Oksenhorn, Stewart. “Art for Existentialism’s Sake.” Aspen Times, 4 Aug. 2004, www.aspentimes.com/news/art-for-existentialisms-sake/.

This art piece is called Defunct and the artist is Roxy Paine. Defunct is originally a piece from Roxy’s exhibit, ”Conjoined, Defunct and Erratic” in Madison Square Park. Defunct now resides in Aspen Art Museum. Defunct is a stainless steel tree sculpture on the museum’s front lawn. Paine’s striking work seems to reflect the tension between nature and technology. The shiny, metallic tree doesn’t quite fit in with the surrounding aspens, but neither is it wholly out of place.

 

Rojo, Jaime. “Brooklyn Street Art.”Cutthroat Trout & “The Art Of Beeing” in Reno, Nevada, 18 Feb. 2014, www.brooklynstreetart.com/theblog/2014/02/18/ludo/.

This piece is called Enjoy the Violence by Ludo. This is the same Ludo I mentioned before. He takes the images of nature perverted by weaponry and the growing militarism of society. This piece is a rose with brass knuckles growing from it (in Ludo’s signature poison green).

 

Valic, Mojca. “Ludo – Amsterdam 2013 The Work of Paris Based Ludo, Often Called Nature’s Revenge, Connects the World of Plants and Animals with Our Tech… | Street Art | Pinterest | Street Art, Street Artists and Art.” Pinterest, Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/391039180117449918/?lp=true.

This piece doesn’t have a name but it’s by Ludo. It was created in Amsterdam in 2013. It is a tree with bolts connecting it to a machine. Ludo in general interests me. All his artwork is amazing, but I’m especially attracted to the way he perceives natures interaction with modern technology.

Final Project Annotated Bibliography

Reminder! My thesis statement is:

The focus in art shifted from Gods in Egyptian art to humans in Greek & Roman art.

The online sources/articles I will be using for my final paper include:

Ancient Egyptian art

Introduction to ancient Greek art

Introduction to ancient Roman art

The three online sources above offer introductions and the background history of Egyptian, Greek, & Roman art. They each influence the next chronologically especially the Greeks influenced the Romans. They are all useful because I include 3 works of art from each of these civilizations in my final paper.

https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Art/

This article helps you appreciate and understand what Egyptian art is all about. Also, it talks about the type of Egyptian pieces of art seen at museums. I will use it in my paper to show the purpose and meaning of Egyptian art. Also, to show how it made an impact for future generations.

http://history-world.org/arthist.htm

This article discusses the history of classical art of the Greeks and Romans. I will use it to discuss how the Romans were influenced by the Greeks when it came to art. It’s because Greece was conquered by Rome. Also, it talks about what classical art is all about.

Final Project Topic & Annotated Bibliography

Topic: the importance of faces and symbols within the artworks devoted to the civil rights movement

https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/soul_of_a_nation

Soul of a Nation at the Brooklyn Museum focuses on 20 years of post-civil rights movement art depicting various leaders in the artworks.

https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2016/07/09/how-do-black-lives-matter-in-momas-collection/

MoMa’s gallery consists of the injustices committed against blacks in the civil rights movement, before and after.

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/676458

“Let My People Go” shows the continuous struggle for black Americans expressed in the Harlem Renaissance, tied into the symbolism of slavery and the Biblical story of Egyptian captivity of the Hebrews.

Article 1: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/12/civil-rights-art_n_4769268.html

This article displays many of the artists contributing their art to the cause of civil rights during the Civil Rights Movements.  It is a showcase for the different artists and forms of art that took part in this movement.

Article 2: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-power-of-imagery-in-advancing-civil-rights-72983041/

This article focuses on the importance that images have in shaping self perception and unification of a movement.  It describes how important civil rights artists’ roles were in their movement.

Annotate Bibliography

  1. http://en.chnmuseum.cn/Default.aspx?TabId=520&ExhibitionLanguageID=74&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1

This article talks about Buddhism which originated in the 6th century BC in ancient India. Throughout, the earliest Buddhist sculpture was in northwest ancient India. However, Buddhism spread to china as it was talking about the Chinese elements and unique Chinese style. What more important is about the evolution of Chinese Buddhist sculpture and inspire of artistic expression.

2. http://www.facts-about-japan.com/sculpture

This article talks about the Japanese sculpture is a very interesting form of Japanese art.  It also discuss how certain piece of sculpture is made out of plastic, stainless steel or aluminum.  Now days, material like wood became important in creating sculpture. The artist takes an experiments of how the lights is being used. However, Japanese sculpture mostly focused on Buddhist and continues to experience creative Japanese art sculpture.

3. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kobs/hd_kobs.htm

Talking how Buddhism was originated in India around the 5th century B.C. Eventually it was spread quickly and widely. The Buddhism was introduced to through their artistic achievements and were strongly important in history and religions.

4. https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/east-asia.htm

The spread of Buddhism among the Chinese,  Japan, and Korea had been widely spread everywhere. Different countries has its own unique ideas of how a certain kinds of sculpture should be design. Not just the design and sculpture has changed but as well the languages. From Indian languages to Chinese. The Tang Dynasty had influenced more Buddhism to more and more people. It soon became an important part of Chinese culture and had great influence on Chinese Art, Literature, Sculpture, Architecture and Philosophy of that time. During the sixth and seventh centuries, many Korean monks went to China to study and brought back with them the teachings of the various Chinese schools of Buddhism. During the sixth and seventh centuries, many Korean monks went to China to study and brought back with them the teachings of the various Chinese schools of Buddhism. Now days Buddhism has playing an important role in the life of people. Buddhism has also spread throughout Japan, it is a way to bring benefits to the country.